Based on the required topic Resources, write a reflection about worldview and respond to following:
In 250-300 words, explain the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism within health care.
In 250-300 words, explain what scientism is and describe two of the main arguments against it.
In 750-1,000 words, answer each of the worldview questions according to your own personal perspective and worldview:
What is ultimate reality?
What is the nature of the universe?
What is a human being?
What is knowledge?
What is your basis of ethics?
What is the purpose of your existence?
Remember to support your reflection with the topic Resources. Worldview Analysis and Personal Inventory Essay Paper
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance
TOPIC RESOURCES All Rights Reserved.Topic 1: Optional ResourcesThe Folly of Scientism “The Folly of Scientism,” by Hughes, from New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology & Society (2012).https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=84015008&site=ehost-live&scope=siteBlinded by Scientism “Blinded by Scientism,” by Feser, on the Public Ciscourse: The Journal of the Witherspoon Institute website (2010).https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2010/03/1174/Is There Truth Beyond Science “Is There Truth Beyond Science,” by Hutchinson and the Veritas Forum (2013).http://www.veritas.org/playlist/is-there-truth-beyond-science/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtB_gnBDq5E&feature=youtu.beTime for Truth “Time for Truth,” by Guinness and the Veritas Forum (2018).http://www.veritas.org/time-for-truth-os/
Worldview Analysis and Personal Inventory
Explain the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism within health care.
Christianity presents a religious perspective on the nature of spirituality and ethics. It perceives spirituality as the explanation God’s existence as the Being that created everything. Although not visible to humans, God as the creator has dominion over the universe and has the final say on whether this creation continues to exist or is destroyed. In essence, God is the most powerful being. The implication is that everything happening within the universe has been permitted/allowed by God. Since God is the creator and most powerful being, then humans have the responsibility and duty to obey God’s word since they are creations of God. God’s word is presented in the Bible, thus indicating that humans who obey God should follow the instructions presented in the Bible as this is what God intended. Given that God’s word is presented in the Bible as what is right for humans, then Christianity extrapolates that ethics is based on the Bible. To be more precise, the Bible determines what is right and wrong thus acting as the basis for ethical judgments even in health care (Mauk & Hobus, 2020).
On the other hand, postmodern relativism presents a philosophical perspective on the nature of spirituality and ethics. Postmodern relativism is based on the principle that there is no absolute truth. What is true today is only relatively true at the moment and could become untrue in the next moment if new information is acquired or circumstances change. Postmodern relativism is ambiguous on spirituality and ethics since the two are concerned with absolute truths. Spirituality either accepts or fails to accept the presence of a supreme being whose existence cannot be proven beyond reasonable doubt, while ethics makes a clear distinction between right and wrong. As such, postmodern relativism perspective on spirituality and ethics is that whatever explanation they accept now may not be accepted in the next moment. Applied in health care, it can be perceived that each patient’s situation is unique so that spirituality and ethics interpretations for one patient may differ with the interpretations for another patient (Stenmark, Fuller & Zackariasson, 2018).
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Explain what scientism is and describe two of the main arguments against it.
Scientism is a school of thought that differentiates sciences based on the evidence they present. It differentiates between hard and soft sciences. It explains that hard sciences present superior knowledge and hard evidence based on established logical rules that are aligned with the observed reality. Hard sciences present evidence that can be tested and replicated easily under the same conditions. Examples of hard sciences include chemistry, biology and physics. In contrast, soft sciences present intangible evidence that may not be replicated even under the same conditions since the evidence is based on conjecture and supposition such that the evidence is likely to change when tested even if the circumstances remain the same. Examples of soft sciences include sociology and psychology. The distinction between hard and soft sciences notes that hard sciences present evidence based on experimentation, skepticism and falsification while soft sciences present evidence based on subjectivism (Moreland, 2018).
Scientism presents seemingly valid arguments in differentiating between hard and soft sciences, and in noting that hard sciences present superior knowledge that has intellectual authority over real knowledge while soft sciences present less superior knowledge. However, there are two counterarguments against scientism showing that it is invalid. The first counterargument against scientism is that there is no absolute truth. Similar to the result of soft sciences that are changeable, the results of hard sciences are changeable. The argument is presented that hard sciences can only makes measurements within limited capabilities of the available tools. If more precise tools are developed, then the results would change. This implies that both hard and soft sciences offer propositional truths. The second counterargument against scientism is that taking any evidence as an absolute truth is tyrannical. Hard sciences rely on replication and rationalization to establish scientific laws and rules. This is tyrannical as it assumes that the laws and rules cannot be changed. This results in creativity being stifled. It forgets that the scientific laws and rules that exist now were at one time whimsical conjectures. If they had been stifled, then they would not have been developed into laws and rules (Moreland, 2018).
Answer each of the worldview questions according to your own personal perspective and worldview.
What is ultimate reality?
The ultimate reality is the basis of my personal values and beliefs. Even if my personal values and beliefs change, the ultimate reality would always remain the same. My ultimate reality is that God created the universe and everything within, and that God has power over everything. As a human being, I am a creation of God. This means that God has dominion over my life. As such, my life should be pleasing to God in terms of following God’s instructions so that I live the life that God intended for me. I am able to understand what God wants me to do by reading the Bible as it presents God’s words and instructions. In this respect, my ultimate reality is that God created me and has instructions for my life with the Bible presenting God’s instructions. Worldview Analysis and Personal Inventory Essay Paper
What is the nature of the universe?
The nature of the universe is that it is the creation of God with order. The universe encompasses everything that can be seen in this world and outside to include other planets and celestial bodies. Our solar system and other systems all form part of the universe. The universe has order that is interpreted as the scientific laws and rules. Everything within the universe must follow this rules. For instance, all the planets in the solar system follow the law of gravity as they revolve around the sun. Also, everything follows the law of time that flows forward. As a result, the scientific laws and rules that exist create order in the universe to allow for predictability.
What is a human being?
A human being is a unique biological species. As a species, humans share genetic similarities and are able to naturally procreate. Human beings are differentiated by demographic differences that include race and gender. However, gender is the most basic differentiation with procreation requiring the combination of gametes from the two different genders. In addition, human beings are capable of higher independent thought and it is this that has allowed humans to colonize and adapt the environment to their needs, unlike other animals that adapt to the environment. The higher independent thought has allowed humans to conquer the environment through the use of innovative technologies, such as vehicles to travel, and clothes to protect them from the elements. I believe that God created humans to have the highest independent thought among all creations on earth so that they would hold dominion over other creations.
What is knowledge?
Knowledge refers to the awareness and understanding developed from familiarity with information or facts. An individual develops knowledge over times, through experience and education. For instance, a child who is burnt by hot water learns that water can burn at high temperatures, thus acquiring knowledge through experience. Similarly, a child who attends mathematics class can learn about arithmetic concepts such as addition and multiplication, thus acquiring knowledge through education. Once an individual becomes familiar with the related information, that individual is able to apply the information in real world concepts, such as learning to calculate time changes or distance travelled. With the right knowledge, an individual is able to make the right decisions to achieve the intended outcomes while avoiding mistakes.
What is your basis of ethics?
My basis for ethics is the Bible and Christian principles. As a Christian, I look to the Bible as the word of God that offers instructions on how I should live as a human being. God is the creator and the instructions of God are never wrong. This implies that the Bible is always right since it contains the words of God that instruct me on how to live and make decisions. In essence, by following the Bible I would be doing what God wants and thus end up making the right ethical decisions. Although the Bible acts as the basis of my ethics, I understand that it is subject to interpretation. That is because the circumstances described in the Bible have changed into the present. There are government laws that present instructions on what is right and wrong. When possible, I always use the Bible to determine what is ethically right. However, if there is a conflict between what the Bible instructs and the government laws, then I would follow the government laws in making ethical decisions. That is because I believe that government laws are intended to protect me and others by serving the greater good and avoiding intentional harm.
What is the purpose of your existence?
The purpose of my existence is to live a life that satisfies me. This includes living in people, associating with others in social circles, having family, learning and working, serving others and God, and helping those who need help. I must be satisfied with my existence in order to have a purpose for living, and this can only be achieved when I pursue, achieve and celebrate my life goals.
References
Mauk, K. L., & Hobus, M. (2020). Nursing as Ministry. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.
Moreland, J. (2018). What is Scientism? https://www.crossway.org/articles/what-is-scientism/
Stenmark, M., Fuller, S., & Zackariasson, U. (Eds.) (2018). Relativism and Post-Truth in Contemporary Society: Possibilities and Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan.
Worldview Analysis and Personal Inventory – Rubric
Collapse All Worldview Analysis And Personal Inventory – RubricCollapse All
Christian Perspective of Spirituality and Ethics in Contrast to Postmodern Relativism
30 points
Criteria Description
Christian Perspective of Spirituality and Ethics in Contrast to Postmodern Relativism
- Excellent
30 points
Explanation of the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism is clear, detailed, and demonstrates a deep understanding of the subject. Explanation is supported by topic study materials.
- Good
25.5 points
Explanation of the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism is clear and detailed. Explanation is supported by topic study materials.
- Satisfactory
22.5 points
Explanation of the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism is clear. Explanation is not supported by topic study materials.
- Less Than Satisfactory
19.5 points
Explanation of the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism is unclear. Explanation is not supported by topic study materials.
- Unsatisfactory
0 points
Explanation of the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism is incomplete or insufficient.
Scientism and Arguments
30 points
Criteria Description
Scientism and Arguments
- Excellent
30 points
Explanation of scientism is clear and accurate. Explanations of two main arguments against scientism are clear and insightful. Details are clearly supported by topic study materials.
- Good
25.5 points
Explanation of scientism is clear and accurate. Explanations of two main arguments against scientism are clear. Details are clearly supported by topic study materials.
- Satisfactory
22.5 points
Explanation of scientism is clear. Explanations of two main arguments against scientism are clear. Details are supported by topic study materials.
- Less Than Satisfactory
19.5 points
Description of scientism is accurate. Explanations of two main arguments against scientism are unclear. Details are not clearly supported by topic study materials.
- Unsatisfactory
0 points
Explanation of scientism or the explanations of two main arguments against scientism are inaccurate. Details are not supported.
Personal Perspective and Worldview
30 points
Criteria Description
Personal Perspective and Worldview
- Excellent
30 points
Each of the worldview questions is answered clearly and with deep personal insight.
- Good
25.5 points
Each of the worldview questions is answered clearly and with personal connection.
- Satisfactory
22.5 points
Each of the worldview questions is answered with personal connection.
- Less Than Satisfactory
19.5 points
Each of the worldview questions is answered but is lacking a personal connection or clarity.
- Unsatisfactory
0 points
Worldview questions are not fully answered.
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
5 points
Criteria Description
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
- Excellent
5 points
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
- Good
4.25 points
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.
- Satisfactory
3.75 points
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.
- Less Than Satisfactory
3.25 points
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.
- Unsatisfactory
0 points
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.
Documentation of Sources
5 points
Criteria Description
Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)
- Excellent
5 points
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.
- Good
4.25 points
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.
- Satisfactory
3.75 points
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.
- Less Than Satisfactory
3.25 points
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.
- Unsatisfactory
0 points
Sources are not documented.